To write literals for the integer types (TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, and BIGINT), use a sequence of digits with optional leading zeros.

To write literals for the floating-point types (FLOAT and DOUBLE), use a sequence of digits with an optional decimal point (. character). Integer values are promoted to floating-point when necessary, based on the context. You can also use exponential notation by including an e character. For example, 1e6 is 1 times 10 to the power of 6 (1 million). A number in exponential notation is always interpreted as floating-point.

String literals are quoted using either single or double quotation marks. To include a single quotation character within a string value, enclose the literal with double quotation marks. To include a double quotation character within a string value, enclose the literal with single quotation marks.

To encode special characters within a string literal, precede them with the backslash (\) escape character:

• \t represents a tab.
• \n represents a newline. This might cause extra line breaks in impala-shell output.
• \r represents a linefeed. This might cause unusual formatting (making it appear that some content is overwritten) in impala-shell output.
• \b represents a backspace. This might cause unusual formatting (making it appear that some content is overwritten) in impala-shell output.
• \0 represents an ASCII nul character (not the same as a SQL NULL). This might not be visible in impala-shell output.
• \Z represents a DOS end-of-file character. This might not be visible in impala-shell output.
• \% and \_ can be used to escape wildcard characters within the string passed to the LIKE operator.
• \ followed by 3 octal digits represents the ASCII code of a single character; for example, \101 is ASCII 65, the character A.
• Use two consecutive backslashes (\\) to prevent the backslash from being interpreted as an escape character.
• Use the backslash to escape single or double quotation mark characters within a string literal, if the literal is enclosed by the same type of quotation mark.
• If the character following the \ does not represent the start of a recognized escape sequence, the character is passed through unchanged.

  Note: The CREATE TABLE clauses FIELDS TERMINATED BY, ESCAPED BY, and LINES TERMINATED BY have special rules for the string literal used for their argument, because they all require a single character. You can use a regular character surrounded by single or double quotation marks, an octal sequence such as '\054' (representing a comma), or an integer in the range -127..128 (without quotation marks or backslash), which is interpreted as a single-byte ASCII character. Negative values are subtracted from 256; for example, FIELDS TERMINATED BY -2 sets the field delimiter to ASCII code 254, the "Icelandic Thorn" character used as a delimiter by some data formats.

When dealing with output that includes non-ASCII or non-printable characters such as linefeeds and backspaces, use the impala-shell options to save to a file, turn off pretty printing, or both rather than relying on how the output appears visually. See impala-shell Command-Line Options for a list of impala-shell options.

For BOOLEAN values, the literals are TRUE and FALSE, with no quotation marks and case-insensitive.

Examples:

select true;
select * from t1 where assertion = false;
select case bool_col when true then 'yes' when false 'no' else 'null' end from t1;

For TIMESTAMP values, Impala automatically converts STRING literals of the correct format into TIMESTAMP values. Timestamp values are accepted in the format YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.sssssssss, and can consist of just the date, or just the time, with or without the fractional second portion. For example, you can specify TIMESTAMP values such as '1966-07-30', '08:30:00', or '1985-09-25 17:45:30.005'. You can cast an integer or floating-point value N to TIMESTAMP, producing a value that is N seconds past the start of the epoch date (January 1, 1970).

You can also use INTERVAL expressions to add or subtract from timestamp literal values, such as '1966-07-30' + INTERVAL 5 YEARS + INTERVAL 3 DAYS. See TIMESTAMP Data Type for details.

The notion of NULL values is familiar from all kinds of database systems, but each SQL dialect can have its own behavior and restrictions on NULL values. For Big Data processing, the precise semantics of NULL values are significant: any misunderstanding could lead to inaccurate results or misformatted data, that could be time-consuming to correct for large data sets.

• NULL is a different value than an empty string. The empty string is represented by a string literal with nothing inside, "" or ''.
• In a delimited text file, the NULL value is represented by the special token \N.
• When Impala inserts data into a partitioned table, and the value of one of the partitioning columns is NULL or the empty string, the data is placed in a special partition that holds only these two kinds of values. When these values are returned in a query, the result is NULL whether the value was originally NULL or an empty string. This behavior is compatible with the way Hive treats NULL values in partitioned tables. Hive does not allow empty strings as partition keys, and it returns a string value such as __HIVE_DEFAULT_PARTITION__ instead of NULL when such values are returned from a query. For example:

  create table t1 (i int) partitioned by (x int, y string);
  -- Select an INT column from another table, with all rows going into a special HDFS subdirectory
  -- named __HIVE_DEFAULT_PARTITION__. Depending on whether one or both of the partitioning keys
  -- are null, this special directory name occurs at different levels of the physical data directory
  -- for the table.
  insert into t1 partition(x=NULL, y=NULL) select c1 from some_other_table;
  insert into t1 partition(x, y=NULL) select c1, c2 from some_other_table;
  insert into t1 partition(x=NULL, y) select c1, c3  from some_other_table;

• There is no NOT NULL clause when defining a column to prevent NULL values in that column.
• There is no DEFAULT clause to specify a non-NULL default value.
• If an INSERT operation mentions some columns but not others, the unmentioned columns contain NULL for all inserted rows.

• In Impala 1.2.1 and higher, all NULL values come at the end of the result set for ORDER BY ... ASC queries, and at the beginning of the result set for ORDER BY ... DESC queries. In effect, NULL is considered greater than all other values for sorting purposes. The original Impala behavior always put NULL values at the end, even for ORDER BY ... DESC queries. The new behavior in Impala 1.2.1 makes Impala more compatible with other popular database systems. In Impala 1.2.1 and higher, you can override or specify the sorting behavior for NULL by adding the clause NULLS FIRST or NULLS LAST at the end of the ORDER BY clause.

    Note: Because the NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST keywords are not currently available in Hive queries, any views you create using those keywords will not be available through Hive.
• In all other contexts besides sorting with ORDER BY, comparing a NULL to anything else returns NULL, making the comparison meaningless. For example, 10 > NULL produces NULL, 10 < NULL also produces NULL, 5 BETWEEN 1 AND NULL produces NULL, and so on.

Several built-in functions serve as shorthand for evaluating expressions and returning NULL, 0, or some other substitution value depending on the expression result: ifnull(), isnull(), nvl(), nullif(), nullifzero(), and zeroifnull(). See Conditional Functions for details.